United States climate exposure

Seattle Climate Exposure: Maritime Humidity, Chloride and Sulfate Background

Seattle represents a cool maritime environment where persistent wetness, Puget Sound chloride exposure and sulfate background matter more than heat.

Climate exposure summary
CE-3Maritime Wet Exposure
  • Persistent wetness and humidity
  • Strong Puget Sound chloride context
  • Low heat but elevated corrosion relevance

Marine humidity is the primary stressor. Chloride and wetness is the secondary driver for reliability and field durability decisions.

CE classes describe overall environmental severity and are not equivalent to ISO corrosivity classes.

Dominant mechanismsCool maritime wetnessChloride screening exposureSulfate deposition context
Temperate MaritimeHigh humidityStrong coastal / Puget Sound marine exposure
Seattle47.606, -122.332
Engineering Climate Fingerprint™

Seattle environmental load barcode.

A normalized 0-100 matrix showing which exposure mechanisms dominate the deployment environment. Scores describe environmental load intensity, not failure probability.

ECF patternPrimary: Marine · Secondary: Humidity
Humidity68High
Condensation58Moderate
Thermal34Low
Marine92Severe
Pollution32Low
Freeze16Low
Humidity: Temperate maritime RH80 and cool-season humidityCondensation: Cool humid periods and dew-point marginThermal: Mild seasonal range with limited heat stressMarine: North America V2 total chloride at Seattle: 437 mg/m2/dayPollution: MERRA-2 sulfate deposition background at Seattle: 2.2 mg/m2/dayFreeze: Occasional frost and freeze-thaw relevance
Typical Applications

Equipment categories where this climate profile is relevant.

Outdoor ElectronicsTelecom EquipmentMarine-adjacent InfrastructureEV ChargingIndustrial EquipmentTransport Electronics
Why this climate matters

Why Seattle climate matters

Seattle is a useful engineering reference for cool maritime exposure: corrosion relevance can be high even when heat stress is modest.

The Pacific Northwest atmospheric layer adds calibrated chloride context around Puget Sound, which is not visible from annual average temperature alone.

For qualification planning, Seattle is a contrast case to Houston: both have corrosion relevance, but Seattle is driven by cool wetness and marine chloride rather than hot-humid operation.

Engineering metrics

Exposure metrics that matter before deployment.

Climetry-derived indicators summarize environmental severity. ISO-derived indicators estimate material-related atmospheric corrosivity for metals such as carbon steel, zinc, copper and aluminum.

Climate Exposure SummaryCool maritime exposure

Persistent humidity with strong Puget Sound chloride context.

Corrosion RiskHigh

Pacific Northwest chloride layer indicates strong marine screening exposure at Seattle.

Condensation RiskModerate

Cool humid periods and limited drying potential can support surface wetness.

RH80 Hours4,691 h/year

CEY10 long moisture exposure window for outdoor and semi-outdoor products.

RH90 Hours2,642 h/year

CEY10 high-humidity periods occur mainly in cool wet seasons and nights.

Climate ClassificationTemperate Maritime

Cool seasonal climate with maritime wetness and chloride modifier.

Monthly climate profile

Seattle thermodynamic exposure by month.

Monthly mean values of the core thermodynamic variables. Only the monthly means are shown, without a spread or range.

The source and period of these monthly means are not documented on this page yet; they are not presented as CEY10 output.

Relative humidity

76 % average of the monthly means

Cool-season humidity and wetness dominate the Seattle exposure profile.

Jan 82 %, Feb 79 %, Mar 76 %, Apr 73 %, May 72 %, Jun 70 %, Jul 68 %, Aug 69 %, Sep 73 %, Oct 79 %, Nov 84 %, Dec 84 %66 %76 %86 %JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJan: 82 %Feb: 79 %Mar: 76 %Apr: 73 %May: 72 %Jun: 70 %Jul: 68 %Aug: 69 %Sep: 73 %Oct: 79 %Nov: 84 %Dec: 84 %
Monthly mean
Air temperature

11.8 C average of the monthly means

Thermal stress is moderate and seasonal; heat is not the primary reliability driver.

Jan 5.2 C, Feb 6.1 C, Mar 8.2 C, Apr 10.8 C, May 14.0 C, Jun 16.8 C, Jul 19.2 C, Aug 19.5 C, Sep 16.5 C, Oct 11.8 C, Nov 7.8 C, Dec 5.4 C3.5 C12.3 C21.2 CJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJan: 5.2 CFeb: 6.1 CMar: 8.2 CApr: 10.8 CMay: 14.0 CJun: 16.8 CJul: 19.2 CAug: 19.5 CSep: 16.5 COct: 11.8 CNov: 7.8 CDec: 5.4 C
Monthly mean
Absolute humidity

8.4 g/m3 average of the monthly means

Absolute humidity is lower than tropical sites but drying potential is limited in wet seasons.

Jan 5.6 g/m3, Feb 5.9 g/m3, Mar 6.8 g/m3, Apr 7.8 g/m3, May 9.4 g/m3, Jun 10.7 g/m3, Jul 11.8 g/m3, Aug 12.0 g/m3, Sep 10.5 g/m3, Oct 8.4 g/m3, Nov 6.5 g/m3, Dec 5.7 g/m34.8 g/m38.8 g/m312.8 g/m3JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJan: 5.6 g/m3Feb: 5.9 g/m3Mar: 6.8 g/m3Apr: 7.8 g/m3May: 9.4 g/m3Jun: 10.7 g/m3Jul: 11.8 g/m3Aug: 12.0 g/m3Sep: 10.5 g/m3Oct: 8.4 g/m3Nov: 6.5 g/m3Dec: 5.7 g/m3
Monthly mean
Dew point

7.1 C average of the monthly means

Dew point remains close enough to air temperature for condensation screening in cool periods.

Jan 2.4 C, Feb 2.7 C, Mar 4.1 C, Apr 5.9 C, May 8.5 C, Jun 10.6 C, Jul 12.3 C, Aug 12.6 C, Sep 10.9 C, Oct 7.8 C, Nov 4.9 C, Dec 2.6 C1.2 C7.5 C13.8 CJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJan: 2.4 CFeb: 2.7 CMar: 4.1 CApr: 5.9 CMay: 8.5 CJun: 10.6 CJul: 12.3 CAug: 12.6 CSep: 10.9 COct: 7.8 CNov: 4.9 CDec: 2.6 C
Monthly mean
Hourly CEY engineering statistics

Seattle representative-year diagrams.

These figures are calculated from the local hourly Climetry Environmental Year and translate thermodynamic climate data into engineering-readable duration, cycle and moisture-risk views.

Seattle CEY10 temperature duration

CEY10 temperature duration

Seattle's 1 C temperature-duration histogram is calculated from the selected hourly CEY10 source months. It shows how long products experience each outdoor temperature band during the representative year.

Seattle CEY10 relative humidity duration

CEY10 relative humidity duration

The RH duration histogram translates relative humidity into annual exposure hours. It supports moisture-sensitive electronics, coating, connector and enclosure screening.

Seattle Temperature x RH occurrence

Temperature x RH occurrence

The joint duration heatmap shows which temperature and humidity combinations occur together. This is more useful for durability screening than separate annual averages.

Seattle Psychrometric moisture density

Psychrometric moisture density

The psychrometric density view connects dry-bulb temperature with absolute humidity and helps identify moisture-rich operating conditions and drying limitations.

Seattle P05 / P50 / P95 thermodynamic profile

P05 / P50 / P95 thermodynamic profile

The percentile profile summarizes the representative spread of temperature, dew point, relative humidity, absolute humidity and dew-point margin.

Seattle Representative moisture-risk week

Representative moisture-risk week

The selected high-risk week highlights periods with elevated humidity, absolute humidity and small dew-point spread. It is a screening view for condensation and moisture-ingress relevance.

Seattle Daily temperature cycle histogram

Daily temperature cycle histogram

Daily temperature-cycle statistics provide engineering input for thermomechanical reliability assessments, enclosure breathing and gasket stress screening.

Seattle Heating-design cold-week histogram

Heating-design cold-week histogram

The cold-week temperature histogram is useful for heating-load screening in temperate and cold climates. In tropical climates it confirms low heating-design relevance.

Definitions

Terms used on this page.

CE class

A Climetry Exposure Class is a location-based environmental severity class for durability screening.

CE classes summarize humidity, condensation potential, marine influence, pollution context and thermal exposure. They are not ISO 9223 corrosivity classes.

RH80 exposure

RH80 exposure is the number of hours where relative humidity is at least 80%.

It is useful for identifying persistent moisture exposure relevant to electronics, coatings, connectors, enclosures and atmospheric corrosion screening.

Condensation potential

Condensation potential indicates conditions where surface wetting risk is elevated.

It is derived from temperature, dew point and humidity context. It is a screening indicator, not a measurement on a specific product surface.

Atmospheric transport screening

North America V2 chloride, CAMS SO2, and sulfate context.

Seattle chloride is sampled from the current Climetry North America V2 land-only total chloride overlay. ISO-9223-style screening uses CAMS background SO2 Pc/Pd; MERRA-2 sulfate remains a separate regional context layer.

Annual Grid-Cell Chloride30.9 mg/m2/day

Annual mean sampled at Seattle from the current North America V2 land-only total chloride overlay.

Chloride StatusV2 ISO screening

North America V2 combines NADP-calibrated marine wet deposition, dry-deposition uplift and a coastal aerosol tail. The open-fetch classifier damps sheltered Puget Sound relative to exposed Pacific coastline.

Distance to Coast1.1 km

Seattle's sampled grid cell is immediately marine-influenced in the Puget Sound corridor.

MERRA-2 Sulfate2.2 mg/m2/day

Annual wet+dry sulfate deposition background sampled from MERRA-2.

Sulfate RoleIndependent context

MERRA-2 sulfate remains regional context, not ISO Pd. Live screening uses CAMS background SO2 Pc/Pd and does not resolve local plumes.

ISO Input ClassesT4 / S1 / modeled SO2 background

Approximate screening inputs: time of wetness, V2 total chloride and CAMS-derived SO2 Pd. MERRA-2 sulfate remains separate context.

Carbon SteelScreening only

Cool wetness plus moderate V2 chloride produce a corrosion-screening context.

AluminumScreening only

Chloride-sensitive aluminum interpretation should use the V2 total chloride value and site-specific shielding.

Corrosion DriverWet marine chloride

For Seattle, persistent wetness and Puget Sound chloride context dominate over heat exposure.

Monthly atmospheric transport profile

Seattle chloride and sulfate screening by month.

Monthly chloride values are sampled from the current North America V2 total chloride overlay at the Seattle grid cell. Sulfate values are sampled from MERRA-2 2020-2024 monthly wet+dry deposition background.

Chloride deposition

30.900 mg/m2/day average of the monthly means

Monthly V2 total chloride estimates remain in the S1 screening range. The updated open-fetch model avoids treating sheltered Puget Sound shoreline as exposed surf coast.

Jan 33.400 mg/m2/day, Feb 31.500 mg/m2/day, Mar 30.900 mg/m2/day, Apr 30.200 mg/m2/day, May 29.700 mg/m2/day, Jun 29.700 mg/m2/day, Jul 29.500 mg/m2/day, Aug 29.500 mg/m2/day, Sep 29.900 mg/m2/day, Oct 31.100 mg/m2/day, Nov 32.300 mg/m2/day, Dec 33.100 mg/m2/day29.032 mg/m2/day31.450 mg/m2/day33.868 mg/m2/dayJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJan: 33.400 mg/m2/dayFeb: 31.500 mg/m2/dayMar: 30.900 mg/m2/dayApr: 30.200 mg/m2/dayMay: 29.700 mg/m2/dayJun: 29.700 mg/m2/dayJul: 29.500 mg/m2/dayAug: 29.500 mg/m2/daySep: 29.900 mg/m2/dayOct: 31.100 mg/m2/dayNov: 32.300 mg/m2/dayDec: 33.100 mg/m2/day
Monthly mean
MERRA-2 sulfate deposition

2.239 mg/m2/day average of the monthly means

MERRA-2 sulfate background is low to moderate for Seattle; chloride and wetness remain the stronger corrosion-screening drivers.

Jan 1.440 mg/m2/day, Feb 1.840 mg/m2/day, Mar 2.040 mg/m2/day, Apr 2.280 mg/m2/day, May 2.910 mg/m2/day, Jun 2.780 mg/m2/day, Jul 2.410 mg/m2/day, Aug 2.400 mg/m2/day, Sep 2.980 mg/m2/day, Oct 2.330 mg/m2/day, Nov 1.920 mg/m2/day, Dec 1.540 mg/m2/day1.255 mg/m2/day2.210 mg/m2/day3.165 mg/m2/dayJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJan: 1.440 mg/m2/dayFeb: 1.840 mg/m2/dayMar: 2.040 mg/m2/dayApr: 2.280 mg/m2/dayMay: 2.910 mg/m2/dayJun: 2.780 mg/m2/dayJul: 2.410 mg/m2/dayAug: 2.400 mg/m2/daySep: 2.980 mg/m2/dayOct: 2.330 mg/m2/dayNov: 1.920 mg/m2/dayDec: 1.540 mg/m2/day
Monthly mean
Plastic ageing context

Seattle UV and ozone exposure for polymer screening.

Seattle shows strong seasonality. Winter UV exposure is low, while summer reaches high enough levels for polymer photo-oxidation screening.

Mean UV Surface Dose46.0 kJ/m2/day

ERA5 2015-2024 monthly climatology sampled at the city grid cell.

Peak UV Month84.2 kJ/m2/day

Highest monthly mean daily UV dose in the representative climatology.

Mean Surface Ozone27.5 ppb

CAMS EAC4 surface ozone climatology for elastomer and rubber ageing context.

Plastic Ageing Index65 / 100

Partial Climetry v0.1 screening index from UV and ozone only; not a lifetime prediction.

Engineering interpretation

Plastic ageing in Seattle is seasonally concentrated rather than year-round severe. For outdoor enclosures, the polymer story should be combined with cool wetness, chloride and limited drying potential.

Monthly plastic ageing profile

Seattle UV and ozone exposure by month.

Monthly profiles show UV surface dose, surface ozone and a partial Plastic Ageing Exposure Index. Thermal oxidation, hydrolysis and moisture ageing will be refined with CEY thermodynamic channels.

UV surface dose

46.0 kJ/m2/day average of the monthly means

Mean daily UV surface dose by calendar month. Useful for photo-oxidation screening of plastics, coatings, cable jackets and exposed polymer housings.

Jan 12.9 kJ/m2/day, Feb 23.9 kJ/m2/day, Mar 39.4 kJ/m2/day, Apr 58.7 kJ/m2/day, May 70.1 kJ/m2/day, Jun 82.2 kJ/m2/day, Jul 84.2 kJ/m2/day, Aug 73.2 kJ/m2/day, Sep 52.1 kJ/m2/day, Oct 29.4 kJ/m2/day, Nov 15.7 kJ/m2/day, Dec 10.1 kJ/m2/day1.2 kJ/m2/day47.1 kJ/m2/day93.1 kJ/m2/dayJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJan: 12.9 kJ/m2/dayFeb: 23.9 kJ/m2/dayMar: 39.4 kJ/m2/dayApr: 58.7 kJ/m2/dayMay: 70.1 kJ/m2/dayJun: 82.2 kJ/m2/dayJul: 84.2 kJ/m2/dayAug: 73.2 kJ/m2/daySep: 52.1 kJ/m2/dayOct: 29.4 kJ/m2/dayNov: 15.7 kJ/m2/dayDec: 10.1 kJ/m2/day
Monthly mean
Surface ozone

27.5 ppb average of the monthly means

Monthly surface ozone climatology. Relevant for ozone-sensitive elastomers, seals, rubber parts and strained polymer components.

Jan 17.1 ppb, Feb 21.8 ppb, Mar 27.3 ppb, Apr 33.1 ppb, May 35.2 ppb, Jun 36.2 ppb, Jul 33.3 ppb, Aug 32.7 ppb, Sep 28.2 ppb, Oct 24.3 ppb, Nov 22.4 ppb, Dec 18.9 ppb14.8 ppb26.7 ppb38.5 ppbJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJan: 17.1 ppbFeb: 21.8 ppbMar: 27.3 ppbApr: 33.1 ppbMay: 35.2 ppbJun: 36.2 ppbJul: 33.3 ppbAug: 32.7 ppbSep: 28.2 ppbOct: 24.3 ppbNov: 22.4 ppbDec: 18.9 ppb
Monthly mean
Plastic ageing exposure

65 score average of the monthly means

Partial Climetry Plastic Ageing Exposure Index v0.1 from UV and ozone channels only. Thermal and moisture ageing channels will be added from CEY.

Jan 32 score, Feb 55 score, Mar 78 score, Apr 81 score, May 81 score, Jun 82 score, Jul 81 score, Aug 80 score, Sep 78 score, Oct 66 score, Nov 39 score, Dec 27 score21 score54 score88 scoreJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJan: 32 scoreFeb: 55 scoreMar: 78 scoreApr: 81 scoreMay: 81 scoreJun: 82 scoreJul: 81 scoreAug: 80 scoreSep: 78 scoreOct: 66 scoreNov: 39 scoreDec: 27 score
Monthly mean
Environmental data confidence

What the station comparison shows, and what it does not.

Exposure hours (RH80/RH90) and the hourly CEY engineering figures (duration, histogram and percentile diagrams) on this page come from the CEY10 representative year: real months selected from ERA5-Land 2015-2024 at one 0.25° grid cell. The monthly profile charts state their own data basis above them.

The station comparison below is a separate 2025 pilot. It compares monthly values of ERA5, the global reanalysis rather than ERA5-Land, at the nearest grid point with Meteostat airport observations: 12 monthly values per station. It does not validate the representative year, its exposure hours, CE classes or corrosion screening.

For some coastal cities, including Dubai, Mumbai, Seattle and Singapore, the representative-year exposure hours lie outside the annual range observed at the airport station. Broader station comparisons of ERA5-Land and CEY10 are described on the scientific validation page.

Station comparison, 2025 pilot

Seattle: ERA5 2025 monthly values vs Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (KSEA)

No station comparison is available for Seattle in the 2025 pilot, so no agreement figures are shown.

This pilot concerns the ERA5 dataset in one calendar year. It does not validate the CEY10 representative year, exposure hours such as RH80/RH90, CE classes or corrosion screening shown on this page. Scientific validation
Report preview

Seattle exposure report structure.

The full report combines climate classification, corrosion screening, condensation exposure, RH80/RH90 hours, marine context, monthly profiles, and reliability implications.

Climate ClassificationTemperate MaritimeClimate zone
Climetry Exposure Class (CE)CE-3Environmental severity
Corrosion ScreeningHighISO-derived indicator
Condensation RiskModerateMoisture
RH80 Hours4,691 h/yearWet-hour proxy
RH90 Hours2,642 h/yearExtreme humidity

Reliability implications for Seattle

High humidity and condensation exposure may result in a severe Climetry Exposure Class even if atmospheric metal corrosivity remains moderate. CE classes indicate environmental severity and qualification relevance, not failure probability.

  • Treat wetness duration, marine humidity and chloride screening exposure as central assumptions for outdoor assets.
  • Review coating systems, connector sealing, drainage and exposed fastener choices for maritime deployments.
  • Use Seattle as a cool-wet contrast to hot-humid Gulf Coast environments such as Houston.
Learn More

Engineering context behind the city exposure pages.

Interactive assessment

Understand your own environmental exposure.

Analyze any location worldwide and compare humidity, condensation and environmental severity.

FAQ

Frequently asked questions

What does CE-3 mean for Seattle?

CE-3 is a Climetry Exposure Class. It describes overall environmental severity for durability screening and qualification support at this location.

Is this a corrosion prediction?

No. The page provides environmental exposure screening. Corrosion indicators are engineering screening outputs, not failure probability and not a product-specific lifetime prediction.

How reliable are the climate data?

Exposure hours and the hourly CEY engineering figures (duration, histogram and percentile diagrams) come from the CEY10 representative year: real months selected from ERA5-Land 2015-2024 at one 0.25° grid cell. A separate 2025 pilot compared ERA5 monthly values with airport observations (12 monthly values per station); it does not validate the representative year or its exposure hours. For some coastal cities the representative-year exposure hours lie outside the range observed at the airport. The monthly profile charts state their own data basis above them. Treat the values as screening values.

What is the difference between CE class and ISO corrosivity?

CE classes describe overall environmental severity. ISO 9223 corrosivity classes describe material-related atmospheric corrosivity categories. They are related but not equivalent.

Which climate data does this page use?

Temperature, dew point and pressure from ERA5-Land, assembled into the CEY10 representative year (2015-2024), are used to derive relative humidity, absolute humidity and exposure hours. Other layers name their own source and period where they are shown.

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